Lawrence Nwimo, Awka
Antonia Okafor, an auxiliary health worker, can barely contain her frustration at the Umueze-Anam Primary Health Centre, PHC II, in
Anambra West Local Government Area in Anambra State.
It has been 15 months since she was employed by Anambra State Primary Health Care Development Agency (ASPHCDA) under the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) but her experience is making her doubt the capacity of PHCs to provide quality health care services in her locality.
“So many things are going wrong here, especially in the delivery of healthcare to the people. I’m bothered that we do not have some equipment that is required to render some services,” she says.
“To be sincere, in this facility, we do not have equipment like weighing scales, and the Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) for
assessing whether a child is malnourished or not.
“Again, there is no electricity in the community and no generator to attend to patients at nights in the facility. We resort to the use of
kerosene lamps and ‘after nepa’ (makeshift light).
“Most times, my phone is off as there is hardly a way to charge our phones in this area, except we go and pay N100 for it to be charged at charging centres.”
Else, when there are emergency cases, she cannot be reached.
Okafor also noted that the services being rendered in the health centre are not enough.
“Some drugs are not here, and to me, it is uncalled for, that patients come to a health centre and my facility head will be like, “go and get this drug, we don’t have it.”
“The routine drugs administered to pregnant women are not complete.
There is no accommodation provided for the health workers in our PHC.
“I have some Antenatal Care (ANC) patients coming here but their routine drugs are not complete. Even the pregnant women I attended to yesterday, I gave them drugs but the drugs are not complete.
“In the night, I can’t be here because there are many mosquitoes. No patient agrees to stay here because there is no mosquito net.”
A World Health Organization (WHO) report in April 2022 revealed that Malaria killed no fewer than 200,000 Nigerians and afflicted 61 million others around the world. It also disclosed that Nigeria loses over $1.1 billion (N645.7 billion) yearly to prevention and treatment of malaria as well as other costs.
The absence of mosquito nets reported by Okafor exists in other PHCs in the state.
Notable are the 25 facilities visited by this reporter in July in Anambra West, Orumba South, Oyi, Anaocha and Awka South council areas respectively. None of the facilities, as at the time of this investigation, had mosquito nets.
According to a Lancet Global Health Commission report, a total of 376,039 deaths occurred in Nigeria in 2016 as a result of insufficient access to qualitative healthcare systems.
WHO in 2020 reported that adult mortality rate for Nigeria were 34.25 deaths per 100,000 populations. Thus, adult mortality rate of Nigeria increased from 25.75 deaths per 100,000 populations in 1975 to 34.25 deaths per 100,000 populations in 2020 growing at an average annual rate of 3.29%.
The Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC) recently reported that many Nigerians, especially those in the rural and
semi-urban areas rely on Primary Health Centres (PHC) for healthcare services and that only 20% of the 30,000 facilities across the country are functional.
Despite policies of successive Nigerian governments and political leaders to improve and expand primary healthcare, the Nigeria Primary healthcare system remains in deplorable state.
Decaying facilities litter the locations visited in the state, despite an allocation of N300, 750 to each of the 332 PHCs in the state for
the maintenance, procurement of healthcare equipment and provision of transportation facility under Basic Health Care Provision Fund.
Anambra still has PHCs with aging and deplorable infrastructure. The public- owned primary health care facilities suffer from delay in budget flows, which slows down repairs and investments in infrastructure and services.
When the reporter was led round Nteje PHC, in Oyi LGA by a junior staff, all he saw were dilapidated structures and abandoned facilities littering every corner.
Entering the gate and looking to the right takes the gaze as far as the eye can see thanks to a collapse security fence. A water pump lays damaged and abandoned.
To the right is a dilapidated borehole and tricycle procured for routine and emergency transport at the facility.
In the back of the building is a ramshackle toilet, an obvious danger to patients and staff using it.
An auxiliary nurse at the centre, who declined to be named, said the PHC lacked access to water due to the spoilt borehole.
She also complained that mothers in the PHC are afraid of their babies being stolen as locals breeze through the dilapidated portions behind the facility’s main building, day and night, on their way to their private businesses.
She also said the facility uses kerosene lamp to attend to childbirths and other night treatments due to absence of a sound generator set and the inability of the PHC to pay electricity bills. `
The reporter’s observations in the PHC typified the deplorable state of PHCs in the state. At Nawfija, Adazi Nnukwu, Neni, and Ifite-Awkuzu, the PHCs lacked water. Some relied on rainwater running down the roof of buildings.
He also met tricycles meant for rapid response to emergencies and routine daily operations at Isulo, Nteje, and Ogbunka facilities, disused and abandoned due to poor maintenance.
Basic Health Care Provision Fund
The Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) was launched in 2014, enshrined in the National Health Act, to remove financial barriers in accessing primary healthcare services, particularly for the poor and vulnerable.
BHCPF is a pool funded with at least 1% of the country’s consolidated revenue and other funding sources, including donor contributions.
The fund is disbursed through three gateways: the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) and the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC).
Anambra State is among the states that qualified to access BHCPF for meeting the requirements.
The requirements stipulated for Primary Health Care Under One Roof (PHCUOR) include a functional Local Government Health Authority (LGHA), an established State Primary Health Care Board (SPHCB), baseline assessment of primary health care facilities, an instituted state steering committee and the TSA with N100 million opened.
The NPHCDA in early August, 2019 reported that 15 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) benefitted from N51billion, a fund mapped out for BHCPF.
The Agency’s head of public relations, Mohammed Ohitoto, confirmed in a BusinessDay report of August 8, 2019 that N5.8 billion was released to NPHCDA from the fund, which was subsequently shared proportionately to the 15 states.
The fund from the BHCPF is mandated to be expended for the renovation and maintenance of PHC facility infrastructure, furniture, and equipment; and to support transportation for vaccine collection and routine community outreach services and other daily operational costs.
Interestingly, investigations by the correspondent revealed that out of the total N813 million received by ASPHCDA, between 2020 and June, 2022, a total of N601, 500 was paid on June 1, 2020, to 176 PHCs
enrolled under the scheme in the state, covering the first and second quarter.
In March 2022, the ASPHCDA transferred N300, 750 each to an enlarged list of 332 PHCs due to the increase in the funds released to the state.
Fund paid for renovation of 332 facilities
An account of expenditure tendered to the Anambra State House of Assembly by Dr Chioma Ezenyimulu, the Executive Secretary of ASPHCD, showed that the agency disbursed a total of N357, 952,281 to the 332 PHCs enrolled under Basic health fund in the state for refurbishment of their facilities.
“Each political ward has a functional primary health care facility and the primary health care centres have been renovated with the money from the Basic Healthcare Provision Fund, Ezenyimulu said.”
“A total of N813, 007, 488.79 was paid into the Anambra State Primary Healthcare Development Agency/CBN account.
“The money transferred to the PHCs was itemized into groups DFF —N299, 547, 00, midwives — N23, 509, 00, CHIPS — N18, 409, 885,
Operation — N16, 886,396.
“The total expenditures from the report are N357, 952,281, while the balance in the bank is N455, 055,207.79.
She said that the account signatories are chairmen of the ward development committee and the officer-in-charge. She also noted that the NPHCDA authorizes disbursements.
Still no improvement
By the reckoning of the state legislators who went on a fact-finding mission to PHCs to assess the implementation of BHCPF, over N800 million in funding was accessed between 2020 and 2022 but yet to “reflect on the lives” of PHCs state- wide.
Chairman of the state house committee on health and representing Aguata constituency, Cater Dike-Umeh, complained that “in most of the constituencies, we are yet to see any PHC that has been refurbished.”
“The best we can give to residents is access to basic healthcare. We have to get it right this time around as it concerns primary healthcare in Anambra.”
He said 30 members of the House of Assembly including the Speaker could not find any functional PHC in their respective constituencies.
Giving his personal assessment of the implementation of the fund, Dike-Umeh said he went round communities in his constituency and was yet to see evidence of the fund on the PHCs.
“Some primary healthcare centres in my constituency, Umuchu ward 2 and Akpukpa are made functional through community efforts. There is no reflection of the Basic Healthcare Provision Funds in the facilities.”
The lawmaker reported that the people are short-changed and narrated how an unnamed WDC chairman, on one occasion, told him that a facility gave him only four packs of paracetamol and forced him to transfer
money to a certain account.
He maintained that the state authority has digressed from the implementation process of the BHCPF and introduced another format that would bring money into to their private pocket.
Why the policy is poorly implemented in some facilities
Despite the disbursement of N300, 500 every quarter, many OICs lack adequate knowledge to prepare and implement work-plans, according to Head of Health Department in Anambra West LGA, Peter Igwema.
“The BHCPF that came to Anambra West, our people actually utilized it,” said Igwema.
“You know it is a new technology and it is not that the rural health workers in the area did not utilize the fund very well but some of
them do not know and do not do what they have in their business plan, so it is a challenge on us.
“Another problem is that some of them usually do under-budget without properly going to the market to check the prices of the materials. Like someone who said he would use 43,000 to buy a new generator only for him to later discover that it was not enough, so, they now needed to use the money to repair the old generator in their facility.”
But the claim contradicts the report of the officer-in-charge at Agulu PHC, Josephine Okoye, who posited that the funds are not released quick enough to the OICs to purchase the materials after they had conducted their market surveys on the materials included in their work plan, hence a change in price in the market alters the stated price of the items in the work plan.
“They do not give us enough time to conduct a proper market survey,” said Okoye.
“So, after conducting the survey in haste, by the time we return to the market for the purchase, we see that the prices have increased and that puts us at great danger because we had already included them in
our work plans.”
Igwema noted PHCs in his area had received only three quarterly disbursements, with a fourth one due in July when the correspondent
visited, adding that some OICs used part of the fund to pay for construction of placenta pits, wiring, ceiling repairs and painting in facilities.
“The Umueze-Anam PHC II is only one among the PHCs that is poorly accommodated in the area because it was merely situated at the
community hall as a health post before it was upgraded to PHC,” he said.
“Apart from that, other facilities have wards where patients can stay.
Another place is Mmiata-Umuonuora ward. They are the only two centres without structures.”
The reporter found that since 2021 when the BHCPF implementation began, none of the 21 health centres visited by the reporter has
mosquito nets to keep malaria-carrying mosquitoes away.
“The issue of mosquito net, the OICs wanted to capture it in their business plan but our Oga said no because the government is about to
share mosquito nets to them,” Igwema said.
“So, that is why the PHCs do not have mosquito nets. We are waiting for the consignments that are coming to disburse the nets to them.”
Limited Choices
One of the OICs in the PHC visited, who does not want to be named, complained that they were being compelled by the agency to buy certain things which are not exactly the priority need of the facility.
“We are not allowed to write the things that are of pressing need to our facilities. If the agency could allow us to write things we need
to do, it would be better. But for someone to tell you this is what you have to do is not fair. For instance, we are mandated to allocate a particular amount for sensitization and mobilization.
“There are lots of leaking roofs in the centre that ought to be made paramount and protect the sick from being exposed to raindrops. This and others should be put in before we begin to talk about sensitization of community members.
“I’m tired of the BHCPF because of the disturbances it brings for primary health. We are not being allowed to use the fund the way we want to and to use it to provide for some of the deficiencies lacking in our PHCs. We are meant to undergo rigorous processes to purchase needed items which sometimes affect the implementation of the programme,” another OIC in Orumba South told the reporter.
On her own, the OIC at Model Primary Health Care Centre, Amatutu, Agulu Anaocha LGA also identified vagaries of market prices as a problem.
“Our challenge in implementing the programme is that they do not give us enough time to conduct proper market survey. So, after conducting the survey in haste, by the time we return to the market for the purchase, we see that the price has increased.”
Sharp Practices
The Ward Development Committee Chairman of Otuocha Ward 2, Christopher Okeke, disclosed that the WDC chairmen and OICs of the PHCs who were both signatories to the accounts were being compelled to sign cheques under duress, while unknown persons collect the monies and instruct them to return to their locations with promise to supply drugs to their PHCs.
Meanwhile, the drugs the PHCs paid for were drugs donated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other donor agencies free of charge to health facilities.
Similarly, Rita Uche the WDC of Redemption PHC Fegge Ward 3 Onitsha, recounted before lawmakers how she inquired why she was being made to sign cheques to be cashed by “strange persons”, and she was told to remain silent and that the order was “from above”.
The Anambra State Health Insurance Agency, ASHIA, is a component of the BHCPF established to enable citizens to enjoy unhindered access to subsidized quality healthcare services across the state. The scheme was set up with the aim to reduce mortality rates by increasing access to elaborate healthcare service especially in the hinterlands where rural dwellers grapple with low-income earnings.
But hospitals used in the implementation of the scheme indulge in sharp practices thereby short-changing and over-charging beneficiaries, contrary to its original essence of providing subsidized healthcare for citizens.
Peter Ugokwe in Oyi local government told the reporter that health workers asked enrollees to choose between ASHIA drugs and drugs provided by the hospitals just to compel them to pay extra for drugs already paid for by the health insurance agency. Some hospitals on the scheme have been sanctioned for this practice.
No Sharp Practices in Anambra
PHCs, Insurance Scheme
But the Commissioner for Health in the state, Dr Afam Obidike denied claims of sharp practices in the delivery of health care services in the state.
“It is not true. There is no such practice in the state. In fact, Anambra state Health Insurance Scheme is one of the best insurance
agencies in the country.
“It’s true that we cannot be everywhere at every time to monitor activities of health workers in the state but we have our records. We are making it very transparent and since the new administration came on board, we have ensured strict close supervision of the PHCs through the state oversight committee and civil societies,” he said.
The Commissioner affirmed that most PHCs in the state are still operating below standard but insisted that the stated government is tirelessly working towards improving the condition of the primary health centres.
“We are just four months in the office and I will not doubt or cover-up the state of primary healthcare in Anambra State. But one thing I can say is that we are working tirelessly to ensure that the PHCs in the state are improved.”
Obidike had emphasized that the state government has set up required standards for operations of the PHCs in the state. He also said plans are underway to set up a taskforce to monitor the services delivered by health facilities and evaluate their performance based on set rules.
“Government will pay unscheduled visits to hospitals and facilities across the state to ensure requisite operational standards. Facilities operating below standard would be blacklisted and fined,” he said.
This report is supported by the International Budget Partnership IBP and the International Centre for Investigation Reporting ICIR.
